Differences Between C and Java

Java

Java is an pure object oriented programming language, it uses the concepts of Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism. And the execution of a program is non-linear.
It is so called because u can't write a program with out class & object
Java's motto (so to speak) is "write once run anywhere".
When you compile a Java program, an intermediate bytecode is generated, which itself is interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine.
This way you write a program once, and the virtual machine translates the bytecode into instructions a specific processor can understand.
Execution of a Java program is by consequence a bit slow, because the intermediate bytecode has to be interpreted.
Java uses a "Garbage Collector" which manages memory automatically so the programmer doesn't have handle that.
Variables in Java can be declared anywhere in a program. (Although it is recommended to declare/define them at the beginning of blocks).
Reusage of code achieved by inheritence.
By default members are private.
During the execution of bytecode by JVM, it do not substitute the entire classes of package which are imported in the program. It just enters the package and execute the class and returns result in to the program. Due to this less memory is used by java program.

C
C uses concept of structures (not object oriented).
In C we use the concept of pointers whereas there are no pointers used in JAVA
In C the programmer need to manage memory manually, lookup "malloc".
In C the declaration of variables should be on the beginning of the block.
C supports go to statement, struct and union unlike Java
C is compiled to the machines "native language" so it's execution is much faster than Java's.
No reuse in code and by default members are public.
In C, during compilation of the program the header files that are included, their source code is attached to the object code from the C library. Due to this the number of lines in the program increases to more in number and also memory wastage occurs.

More.....

No preprocessor
Java does not include a preprocessor and does not define any analogs of the #define, #include, and #ifdef directives. Constant definitions are replaced with staticfinal fields in Java. (See the java.lang.Math.PI field for an example.) Macro definitions are not available in Java, but advanced compiler technology and inlining has made them less useful. Java does not require an #include directive because Java has no header files. Java class files contain both the class API and the class implementation, and the compiler reads API information from class files as necessary. Java lacks any form of conditional compilation, but its cross-platform portability means that this feature is very rarely needed.
No global variables
Java defines a very clean namespace. Packages contain classes, classes contain fields and methods, and methods contain local variables. But there are no global variables in Java, and, thus, there is no possibility of namespace collisions among those variables.
Well-defined primitive type sizes
All the primitive types in Java have well-defined sizes. In C, the size of short, int, and long types is platform-dependent, which hampers portability.
No pointers
Java classes and arrays are reference types, and references to objects and arrays are akin to pointers in C. Unlike C pointers, however, references in Java are entirely opaque. There is no way to convert a reference to a primitive type, and a reference cannot be incremented or decremented. There is no address-of operator like &, dereference operator like * or −>, or sizeof operator. Pointers are a notorious source of bugs. Eliminating them simplifies the language and makes Java programs more robust and secure.
Garbage collection
The Java Virtual Machine performs garbage collection so that Java programmers do not have to explicitly manage the memory used by all objects and arrays. This feature eliminates another entire category of common bugs and all but eliminates memory leaks from Java programs.
No goto statement
Java doesn't support a goto statement. Use of goto except in certain well-defined circumstances is regarded as poor programming practice. Java adds exception handling and labeled break and continue statements to the flow-control statements offered by C. These are a good substitute for goto.
Variable declarations anywhere
C requires local variable declarations to be made at the beginning of a method or block, while Java allows them anywhere in a method or block. Many programmers prefer to keep all their variable declarations grouped together at the top of a method, however.
Forward references
The Java compiler is smarter than the C compiler, in that it allows methods to be invoked before they are defined. This eliminates the need to declare functions in a header file before defining them in a program file, as is done in C.
Method overloading
Java programs can define multiple methods with the same name, as long as the methods have different parameter lists.
No struct and union types
Java doesn't support C struct and union types. A Java class can be thought of as an enhanced struct, however.
No enumerated types
Java doesn't support the enum keyword used in C to define types that consist of fixed sets of named values. This is surprising for a strongly typed language like Java, but there are ways to simulate this feature with object constants.
No bitfields
Java doesn't support the (infrequently used) ability of C to specify the number of individual bits occupied by fields of a struct.
No typedef
Java doesn't support the typedef keyword used in C to define aliases for type names. Java's lack of pointers makes its type-naming scheme simpler and more consistent than C's, however, so many of the common uses of typedef are not really necessary in Java.
No method pointers
C allows you to store the address of a function in a variable and pass this function pointer to other functions. You cannot do this with Java methods, but you can often achieve similar results by passing an object that implements a particular interface. Also, a Java method can be represented and invoked through a java.lang.reflect.Method object.
No variable-length argument lists
Java doesn't allow you to define methods such as C's printf() that take a variable number of arguments. Method overloading allows you to simulate C varargs functions for simple cases, but there's no general replacement for this feature.